fork 方式创建子进程

import osprint "Process %s start ..." %(os.getpid())pid = os.fork()if pid == 0:    print "This is child process and my pid is %d, my father process is %d" %(os.getpid(), os.getppid())else:    print "This is Fater process, And Its child pid is %d" %(pid)

执行结果

Process 4276 start ...This is Fater process, And Its child pid is 4277This is child process and my pid is 4277, my father process is 4276

从结果可以看到，从pid = os.fork() 开始，下面的部分代码运行了两次，第一次是父进程运行，第二次是子进程运行，且子进程的fork的结果总是0，所以这个也可以用来作为区分父进程或是子进程标志

那么变量在多个进程之间是否相互影响呢

import os

print "Process %s start ..." %(os.getpid())pid = os.fork()source = 10if pid == 0:    print "This is child process and my pid is %d, my father process is %d" %(os.getpid(), os.getppid())    source = source - 6    print "child process source value is "+str(source)else:    print "This is Fater process, And Its child pid is %d" %(pid)    source = source - 1    print "father process source value is "+str(source)print "source value is "+str(source)

执行的结果如下：

Process 4662 start ...This is Fater process, And Its child pid is 4663This is child process and my pid is 4663, my father process is 4662father process source value is 9child process source value is 4source value is 9source value is 4

很明显，初始值为10的source 在父进程中值减少了 1, 为9，而子进程明显source的初始值是10, 也就是说多进程之间并没有什么相互影响

multiprocessing 方式创建子进程

fork 方式是仅在linux 下才有的接口，在windows下并没有，那么在windows下如何实现多进程呢，这就用到了multiprocessing

multiprocessing 模块的Process 对象表示的是一个进程对象，可以创建子进程并执行制定的函数

from multiprocessing import Processimport osdef pro_do(name, func):    print "This is child process %d from parent process %d, and name is  %s which is used for %s" %(os.getpid(), os.getppid(), name, func)if __name__ == "__main__":    print "Parent process id %d" %(os.getpid())    #process 对象指定子进程将要执行的操作方法(pro_do), 以及该函数的对象列表args(必须是tuple格式， 且元素与pro_do的参数一一对应)    pro = Process(target=pro_do, args=("test", "dev"))    print "start child process"    #启动子进程    pro.start()    #是否阻塞方式执行， 如果有， 则阻塞方式， 否则非阻塞    pro.join() #if has this, it's synchronous operation or asynchronous operation    print "Process end"

执行结果

Parent process id 4878start child processThis is child process 4879 from parent process 4878, and name is  test which is used for devProcess end

如果没有pro.join()，则表示非阻塞方式运行，那么最终的Process end的输出位置就有可能出现在pro_do 方法执行之前了

Parent process id 4903start child processProcess endThis is child process 4904 from parent process 4903, and name is  test which is used for dev

通过multiprocessing 的process对象创建多进程，还可以从主进程中向子进程传递参数，例如上面例子中的pro_do的参数

Pool 进程池

from multiprocessing import Poolimport os, timedef pro_do(process_num):    print "child process id is %d" %(os.getpid())    time.sleep(6 - process_num)    print "this is process %d" %(process_num)if __name__ == "__main__":    print "Current process is %d" %(os.getpid())    p = Pool()    for i in range(5):        p.apply_async(pro_do, (i,))  #增加新的进程    p.close() # 禁止在增加新的进程    p.join()    print "pool process done"

输出：

Current process is 19138child process id is 19139child process id is 19140this is process 1child process id is 19140this is process 0child process id is 19139this is process 2child process id is 19140this is process 3this is process 4pool process done

其中

child process id is 19139   child process id is 19140

是立即输出的，后面的依次在等待了sleep的时间后输出，之所以立即输出了上面两个是因为诶Pool 进程池默认是按照cpu的数量开启子进程的，我是在虚拟机中运行，只分配了两核，所以先立即启动两个子进程，剩下的进程要等到前面的进程执行完成后才能启动。

不过也可以在p=Poo() 中使用Pool(5)来指定启动的子进程数量，这样输出就是下面的了：

Current process is 19184child process id is 19185child process id is 19186child process id is 19188child process id is 19189child process id is 19187this is process 4this is process 3this is process 2this is process 1this is process 0pool process done

且

Current process is 19184child process id is 19185child process id is 19186child process id is 19188child process id is 19189child process id is 19187

都是立即输出的

进程间的通信

父进程可以指定子进程执行的方法及其参数，达到父进程向子进程传递消息的单向通信的目的，那子进程之间或子进程怎么向父进程通信呢

Queue

Queue 是一种方式

from multiprocessing import Process, Queueimport os, timedef write_queue(q):    for name in ["Yi_Zhi_Yu", "Tony" ,"San"]:        print "put name %s to queue" %(name)        q.put(name)        time.sleep(2)    print "write data finished"def read_queue(q):    print "begin to read data"    while True:        name = q.get()        print "get name %s from queue" %(name)if __name__ == "__main__":    q = Queue()    pw = Process(target=write_queue, args=(q,))    pr = Process(target=read_queue,args=(q,))    pw.start()    pr.start()    pw.join() #这个表示是否阻塞方式启动进程， 如果要立即读取的话， 两个进程的启动就应该是非阻塞式的， 所以pw在start后不能立即使用pw.join(), 要等pr start后方可    pr.terminate() #服务进程，强制停止

结果

put name Yi_Zhi_Yu to queuebegin to read dataget name Yi_Zhi_Yu from queueput name Tony to queueget name Tony from queueput name San to queueget name San from queuewrite data finished

Pipe

另外还有Pipe

其原理参见，其只能作为两个进程之间的通信

#!/usr/bin/env python#encoding=utf-8from multiprocessing import Process,Pipeimport os,time,sysdef send_pipe(p):    names = ["Yi_Zhi_Yu", "Tony", "San"]    for name in names:        print "put name %s to Pipe" %(name)        p.send(name)        time.sleep(1)def recv_pipe(p):    print "Try to read data in pipe"    while True:            name = p.recv()            print "get name %s from pipe" %(name)if __name__ == "__main__":   #pipe, one for send, one for read   ps_pipe, pr_pipe = Pipe()   #process   ps = Process(target=send_pipe, args=(ps_pipe,))   pr = Process(target=recv_pipe, args=(pr_pipe,))   pr.start()   ps.start()   ps.join()   pr.terminate()

在实例化Pipe的时候，会产生两个ps_pipe(read-write Connection, handle 5)， pr_pipe(read-write Connection, handle 5) , 都可以作为发送或者接受方，一旦一个确认为攻，另一个自然就是受了(之所以Pipe只能作为两个进程之间的通信方式，原因也许就是这个)，产生的结果如下

Try to read data in pipeput name Yi_Zhi_Yu to Pipeget name Yi_Zhi_Yu from pipeput name Tony to Pipeget name Tony from pipeput name San to Pipeget name San from pipe

还有一种Array, Value 的形式，暂且不表，有时间在折腾

以上均为python 学习笔记和练习，如有错误，欢迎指出

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